Drug Abuse And The Social Problem - 957 Words

What is a social problem? Social problem is every conditions that is recognized as a social problem existed for some time before it came to be â€Å"defined† as such. What is a drug abuse in the social problem? Drug abuse is desire to use more drug than enough or than what prescription of the doctor in order to be comfortable and stimulants at the end the user become addicted and hopeless. Drug can be used with any gender according the age in the different environment and location, such as Community, society, school, prison, groups and Home. Drugs abuse can be anything like cigarettes, alcohol and Cocaine, Marijuana, Heroin, methamphetamine, and hallucinogenics(like acid). Drugs abuse affecting more celebrity, Student and teenager, Employee†¦show more content†¦For the pregnancy women drug affecting the birth and result the baby born with down syndrome. For the Student the drug abuse cause them to discontinued with their study and kill their dream. For the celebrate they end up getting some diseases like HIV and they become weak to perform their duties and their profession and as result they died like Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston this people died recently because of the over dose drug. For the parents who has problems of over dose drug they change to be functionless and forget their obligations and become unproductive in the family. Subjectivity position: A condition is a problem only when it is perceived as undesirable. According to Paul B.Horton Gerald R.Leslie. â€Å"No condition, no matter how dramatic or shocking to someone else, is a social problem unless the values of a considerable number of people within the society define it as a problem.† The problems of drugs abuse in the community or society cause Violence, war, health problems, mental problems, death and destruction of Economic of the place. Example Black neighborhood is more violence because of drugs abuse which is social problems, like Chicago, South Dallas, Maryland Baltimore MD and other places. The community ending been affected because people selling drugs like marijuana, cocaine, on the street, which tend to become social problem in the community. Another neighborhood more affected with drugs abuse is Latino and Asian.Show MoreRelatedDrug Abuse as a Social Problem: A Look at the Conflict and Functionalist Perspectives2600 Words   |  11 PagesDrugs have been around for thousands of years. A drug is any chemical that produces a therapeutic or non-therapeutic effect in the body (Drugs and Teen Substance Abuse 2000.) Most drugs were first used for medicinal purposes, such as marijuana. Active substances were not extracted into drugs until the 19th century. N ewly discovered substances like morphine, laudanum, and cocaine were completely unregulated and prescribed freely by physicians for a wide variety of ailments. Wounded veterans returnedRead MorePoverty And Poverty1559 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction One of the stereotypes dominating the issue of drug abuse cites that it is highly prevalent among the poor members of the society. The claim stands to be discredited because a lack of financial resources never appears to be linked to the problem of drug use. The correlation is a multifaceted one, and poverty causation is complicated (Sinha 107). The characteristics of poverty involve high death rates, deteriorating physical health, a high prevalence of mental disorders, a high percentageRead MoreSubstance Abuse - Social Pandemic1653 Words   |  7 PagesAs the use of illegal drugs and alcohol continues, substance abuse across America has become a very serious social problem. It is mental illness that has an effect on different races, classes and genders. The affects of substance abuse has caused countless of people to feel heartache and develop feelings of hopelessness. With alcohol and drugs readily available through prescription or on the streets (Butler,2010), it is obvious wh y many are acquiring addictive patterns to these accessible substancesRead MoreRisk Factors For Adolescent Drug Abuse1462 Words   |  6 Pages Body: Risk Factors for Adolescent Drug Abuse There are an abundance of risk factors that can relate to the contribution of drug abuse in adolescents. The primary risk factors can be divided into two main categories: social and emotional triggers. Social factors play an important role because during the adolescent years it can be an extremely emotional and physically tough time for teens to transition through. Adolescent phases are one of the biggest transitional stages in a person’s life becauseRead MoreDrug Testing for TANF Recipients1020 Words   |  4 PagesDrug Testing for TANF Recipients Drug problems costs the US billions of dollars every year from disease, crime, accidents, child abuse, domestic violence, homelessness, and lost wages that causes deaths and other serious economic and social consequences (Hunter). The crimes include stealing, drug trafficking, murder, robbery, domestic violence, breaking and entering, child abuse and neglect, and assault. Health care problems, such as overdoses, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and tuberculosis, are often resultsRead MoreIllegal Drug Use1378 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Illegal drug use and abuse remains a pervasive social issue despite significant efforts to quell its existence. In fact, a recent report released by the RAND Corporation (2005) notes that drug abuse has become such a prominent social issue that substantial increases in prison populations all across the United States have been attributed to the tougher sentences that have been put in place for drug users. With the realization that current social policies toward reducing drug abuse are not working—onlyRead MoreDrug Abuse And Addiction : Drugs977 Words   |  4 PagesDrug abuse/addiction Jeremy Graham May 11, 2015 Period, 5 Drug abuse and addiction Drug abuse/addiction is a major problem in Indiana that affects many individual. Several solutions such as rehab and drug classes have been tried. Yet, the best solution is taking drug classes. Many people do not understand why people become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster compulsive drug abuse. They mistakenly view drug abuse and addiction as strictly a socialRead MoreDrug Abuse and Addiction851 Words   |  4 PagesDrug Abuse and Addiction, Problems amp; Solutions in Turkey Drug Abuse and Addiction, Problems amp; Solutions in Turkey Abdullah Furkan Kaya Ä °stanbul Åžehir University 30.4.2012 Drug abuse is an addiction, which has different substance types and can ruin people’s life or even cause death. People use it for variety of reasons such as getting away from their bothers or getting high. Approximately 200 million people abusing drugs, most of them are addicted in the world. This number isRead MorePsychology of Drug Abuse Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pagesof Drug Abuse Drug abuse is on the rise. While the use of drugs like cocaine and heroin is in a state of decline in certain parts of the world, prescription drugs abuse is on the rise (UNODC, 2013). Prescription drugs that were prescribed with the intention to do well are now one of the leading causes of self-harm. Drug abuse has no gender or social class, it can affect people regardless of social status and wealth, and now more than ever we need to understand the reason behind the abuse. WhatRead MoreThe Ethics of Drug Use and Drug Abuse1579 Words   |  6 PagesEthics of Drug Use and Drug Abuse For any professional working in the substance abuse treatment field, they will very likely come across situations and be presented with dilemmas relating to personal beliefs, judgments, and values. Drug or substance use and abuse have been a controversial and heated topic around the world for centuries. Drug abuse, in a way, is a facet of human culture that has been present for a great deal of human history in general. Every culture handles the issue of drug abuse

Essay Project Management - 824 Words

Djenane Jeanty Project Management Context Professor C. Lennon Module V 11.17.12 Abstract Project managers carefully manage slack on sensitive resource-limited projects (Larson and Gray, p.295). If possible, they will add slack at the end of the project by committing to a completion date that goes beyond the scheduled date. Eliyahu Goldratt (1997) advocates an alternative approach to managing slack. He championed the â€Å"theory of constraints† and has coined the term â€Å"critical-chain† recognizing that the project network may be constrained by both resource and technical dependencies (Larson and Gray, p.295). Projects often can exceed their planned schedule by a certain percentage, sometimes even 50 to 100 percent. Often this is†¦show more content†¦Applying the CCPM approach to the projects To resolve these issues listed, I will report to Pinyarat that in Critical Chain scheduling, uncertainty is primarily managed by some or all of these methods. a) using average task duration estimates; (b) scheduling backwards from the date a project is needed (to ensure work that needs to be done is done, and it is done only when needed); (c) placing aggregate buffers in the project plan to protect the entire project and the key tasks; and (d) using buffer management to control the plan. In my report I will list these specific steps which Pinyarat can use in order to manage a CCPM: 1. Reduce activity duration estimates by 50%. Activity durations are normal estimates, which are known to be high probability and contain excessive safety time. Let’s estimate the 50% probability by cutting these in half. (The protection that is cut from individual tasks is aggregated and strategically inserted as buffers in the project) (DRM, 2012). 2. Eliminate resource contentions by leveling the project plan. The Critical Chain can then be identified as the longest chain of path and resource dependencies after resolving resource contentions (DRM, 2012). 3. Insert a Project Buffer at the end of the project to aggregate Critical Chain contingency time (initially 50% of the critical chain path length) (DRM, 2012). 4. Protect the Critical ChainShow MoreRelatedProject Management : Projects Management902 Words   |  4 PagesProject Management Project Management. What does the words Project Management mean and what are the steps to managing a great project. If we break down the two words Project Management it is defined on dictionary.com as â€Å"The process of planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling the production of a system†. As shown in the website Project Insight there are multiple different steps in the project management roll such as project scope, life cycle, objectives, assumptions, constraintsRead MoreProject Management and Project Management It3115 Words   |  13 PagesExamination Paper: Project Management IIBM Institute of Business Management Examination Paper Project Management Section A: Objective Type (30 marks) †¢ †¢ †¢ This section consists of multiple choices questions and short answer type questions. Answer all the questions. Part One questions carry 1 mark each and Part Two questions carry 5 marks each. Part One: Multiple choices: 1. During _________formal tools and techniques were developed to help and manage large complex projects. a. 1950s b. 1980sRead MoreProject Portfolio Management : Project Management1432 Words   |  6 PagesProject Portfolio Management (PPM) is the centralized management of the processes, methods, and technologies used by project managers and project management offices (PMOs) to analyze and collectively manage current or proposed projects based on numerous key characteristics. The objectives of PPM are to determine the optimal resource mix for delivery and to schedule activities to best achieve an organization’s operational and financial goals ― while honoring constraints imposed by customers, strategicRead MoreProject Management, Project Communication, And Project Stakeholder Management797 Words   |  4 Pagesareas of project management that stood out while taking this program. Project integrated management, project communication, and project stakeholder management. A discussion on how they are executed will be presented. As more courses were taken during this project management graduate program, many of the project management concepts became clear and revealed more of the interdependencies and intricate dynamics that are required for successful project management. Stakeholder Management Project StakeholderRead MoreProject Management : Project Integration Management1236 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Direct and Manage Project Execution is the process for executing the work defined in the project management plan to achieve the project s requirements/objectives defined in the project scope statement† (comp. PMBOK3, p. 78). The Project Manager helps with the execution of the planned activities, sometimes with the assistance of a project management team for larger projects. This occurs during the execution phase of the project. Figure: Phases of a project When we are completing the work assignedRead MoreProject Management Msc. 7Pjmn009W Project Management Project.1391 Words   |  6 Pages Project Management MSc 7PJMN009W Project Management Project Author: Maria Chico Garrido Date: 06 March 2017 Version: 1.1 Project type: Academic Preferred Supervisor: Proposed Title: How does the use of formal project management methodologies in complex Home Automation projects contribute to project success? Main Deliverables/Milestones: Deliverable Date Project Mandate 09 March 2017 Project Brief: In depth literature review of formal project management methodologies and project success. BackgroundRead MoreProject Management1510 Words   |  7 PagesSystem. You are the project manager on a project to construct a flyover in the city to ease traffic congestion. Flyover construction should cause minimum disruption to the traffic until it is complete. Ensuring safety of the commuters and workers at the site is the responsibility of your company. The date of completion of the project is six months from now. This date cannot be extended because of an upcoming international summit in the city. To achieve the overall project time lines, the followingRead MoreProject Management Project And Change Management1940 Words   |  8 Pages Paper on project management in smart voice project Sohail Kamdar Project and change management Table of contents Name of the topic Page No. Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4-5 View point of project management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Outlook of the project†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5-6 Milestone inventory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6-7 WBS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Plan of project management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7-9 Cost savings plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreProject Management1713 Words   |  7 PagesProject Management The Project Manager has some tasks that have to be carried out, he/she is responsible for the full project. The Project Manager has to make the best use of all the resources so the project can be completed successfully. The project Manager sets the boundaries for the project, such as schedules and what is done and when it has to be completed. There are various tasks the project manager is responsible for such as: 1) Time and resource allocation and management 2) Setting upRead MoreProject Management1015 Words   |  5 Pagesor renewed interest in the field of project management? IT is growing at a rapid rate and with that growth demands people to manage this growth. People I think are more trained to be project managers and also there is new software that helps tremendously with the management part of the tasks. So demand is up, skilled workers are up, and the cost benefit is there for this renewed interest. 2. What is a project, and what are its main attributes? How is a project different from what most people do

Community Book Festival Free Essays

Every day hundreds, if not thousands of families look forward to their local upcoming weekend activities. For some, it is the local fair that rolls into town with the rides for their children. Others, it is a walk on the water front with good food and drinks. We will write a custom essay sample on Community Book Festival or any similar topic only for you Order Now For most, it is time to relax, have a cold drink, and enjoy things like Seafair in Washington State, or the Toyota Grand Prix of Long Beach for Southern California residents. Without local non-profit organizations, most of your favorite weekend activities would not exist.Non-profit organizations support many local events, as well as community programs that would not normally receive assistance. For a non-profit organization to flourish, it must have organization, structure, income, volunteers, a location, and events to move it forward. However, sometime with the fluctuation of the economy, it can make things difficult for the non-profit to move forward or even survive. Local and National Economic Impact For nearly 3 years, the United States has suffered a recession of epic proportions. Charity and non-profit organizations are suffering more than ever as Americans struggle to save every penny possible.According to the National Bureau of Economic Research, in December 2007, the United States’ economy fell into recession. However, Dick Conway, a local economist and co-publisher of The Puget Sound Economic Forecaster, reported the Puget Sound region did not enter one until the end of 2008. Conway suggests that, â€Å"All of this is related to the collapse of the credit and housing markets† (James, 2009, para. 5). Because of this weak economy, not only nationally, regionally, and in local cities such as Seattle, citizens are much less likely to donate to worthwhile causes such as a non-profit community book drive. Especially with unemployment in Washington state being as high as it is (9. 1%, about 323,400 people), and a record amount of deficit in the state budget, there is not much extra money to spread around. Mass layoffs in state jobs have increased with the recession. Some of the states’ largest companies are also feeling the sting of the drop in the economy. For example, in February 2010, the Seattle Times reported that Boeing issued a total of 1,020 layoff notices lasting 60 days, with 520 occurring locally. This came after 25 layoff notices in January â€Å"Boeing hands out 1,020 layoff warnings†, 2010, para. 1). The Seattle Times also reports as of May 2009, another local company, Microsoft, was laying off employees affecting about 1,200 positions in Washington State. The official company statement said, â€Å"As part of the plan we announced in January to reduce costs and increase efficiencies, today we are eliminating additional positions across several areas of the company. While job eliminations are always difficult, we are taking these necessary actions in response to the global economic downturn† (Chan, 2009, para. 1, 4).These 2 companies, along with state jobs, are responsible for most of Washington’s economy. However, traditionally most people who live in the Northwest are very caring people and are always willing to help those in need, no matter what. However, like in any endeavor, organization is essential. Organization of Book Festival Organization is crucial to successfully completing almost any task. Choose when and where the non profit book festival is going to take place. Once a non profit book festival has been chosen, first thing, it is essential to get organized right at the beginning.The first step to successful organization of a book festival is planning as far in advanced as possible and gathering plenty of volunteers. Along with recruiting volunteers, be sure to bring in some teachers, librarians, authors, and reading specialists to help bring credibility to the festival. Try to gather community support by seeking volunteers from city officials, school district faculty, city, and county volunteers as well. Last, but certainly not least, be sure to get students and parents involved, which will bring added enthusiasm to the project. Now the ball is rolling and there are plenty of volunteers that are willing and able to contribute on various levels to ensure a successful non profit book festival. Second step to a well organized non profit book festival is to begin to spread the word on all levels of available media. People need to know all about the non profit book festival, from when, where, what, and who is going to be there. With so much technology available to people today, there are many avenues to approach advertising the book festival. Do not get overwhelmed with how to advertise.It is essential to remember, this is a non profit book festival, so people need to be resourceful and utilize what is available. Some very useful forms of advertising may be school newsletters, websites, signs, flyers, and local newspapers. Third step to a successful non profit book fair is to remember it is a fair. A fair is supposed to be fun and appealing to all age levels, especially to students and readers. The book festival must be visually appealing, much like a carnival or fair. Make colorful displays with themes such as emphasis on a specific holiday, animals, undersea life, authors, and reading levels.Good visual appeal will draw the readers to view all the book festival has to offer. Remember, â€Å"Organization, communication, and a dash of fun will make your book fair an event to remember† (Prato, 2010, para. 1). To showcase such an event, funds will need to be secured. Location, Advertising, and Disbursements One of the most difficult challenges of the nonprofit community book festival will fall on the location of the event. The most logical location will probably be at the cities biggest and most popular library. Using this location should help publicize the event. Advertising will also be a factor to the success of the festival.Good advertising through the city, local newspapers, and internet will provide good coverage for the event. Covering these bases will help build a good planning structure for the actual event. The community book festival will need to be eye-catching and interactive to help promote individuals to donate and support the event. One idea is setting up autograph booths from well renowned authors, as well as up and coming local authors to promote their books. This will give readers a chance to meet the author, check out their other favorite books, and show the support needed for the festival.Catering the event will also be a necessity to provide finger foods and drinks to all guest and attendees for the event. To help promote more funds, a raffle and contest will be set up such as: speed-reading contest, a question game of how well you know your author, and raffling off books and gifts. This is a nonprofit event all funds will go towards covering the cost of the event. The disbursements of the total amount of income received from the fundraiser will be distributed by the person in charge of all the funds, usually an accountant in the committee. All monies collected prior to the event will help pay for the location, catering, and most of the events activities. Funds that are collected during the event will also help cover some of the event activities, as well as payment of the author’s time to come to the event. Since we are a nonprofit organization, the idea will be to have the authors come on a charity basis, but if there is some cost to having authors come to the event the monies collected can help secure that issue.All other funds left over will be allocated to the city’s library system to help cover any cost for repairs or upgrades to these facilities. Fundraising Many non-profit organizations coordinate and participate in fundraising. There are countless ways to assist companies reach their financial goals. A key component to fundraising is to plan, plan and plan. There is nothing more frustrating to attend a sponsorship or activity that has not been well thought out and organized. Therefore, there are a few basic steps and traditions to fundraising.The most customary way to fundraise a non-profit organization is through a variety of grants. The first step towards being awarded a grant is to create a proposal and then transition into grant writing. Grant writing is a tool to help gain support and money to sustain the cause. One good resource to issue grants is through the website USA. gov which is federally funded. The second option is to fund through private foundations. There are going to be times that companies will have to think outside the box to experience a successful fundraising event.The most general ways to fundraise a book festival is through community events and activities. Bake sales are common for generating additional support. If there are great bakers, a bake sale fundraiser would be a good, comfortable option to raise money. Creating holiday baskets and auctioning the items off is another great way to fundraise and become profitable. Donating seasonal wreaths and displaying as a public sales has also been known to be successful. Last but not least, car washes, especially those held during the summer months, can be a quick easy way to raise money needed for upcoming events.What a great way to collect funds and help others at the same time. Some people may prefer to donate their time and efforts instead of monetarily which can be a benefit. The non-profit organization will need help situating the table for the books. Today, it’s even more important to become creative and integrate innovative ideas to fundraise. According to Susie Vigon, she suggests to, â€Å"Partner with companies or events that will donate a percentage of their earnings to your organization† (Vigon, 2006, para. 4). In addition, according to Susie, â€Å"Get a Massage for a good cause! This idea somewhat goes along with fundraising at other events. Instead of using your vendor spot for a silent auction or game of chance, get 2 massage therapists to come out and give $1 a minute chair massages. The therapists can either donate their time or do a 50-50 split with the organization. In the right venue, this can be contagious. Once people ‘see’ others getting chair massages, you will be surprised to see how fast they will want to get one too!These are just a few of the many ways you can create a buzz for your organization and fundraise at the same time by thinking outside the box. † (Vigon, 2006, para. 5). Overall fundraising for a non-profit organization requires considerable level of social networking. Building relationships, relating and sharing values, are all key aspects of building and developing a fundraising process. Book events can be very expensive to produce but can be done with the companies best partners. Regardless of what kind of non-profit organization is started, many factors can affect the outcome.The directors of such an organization must take into account its day to day operations and the status of the economy. Also vital to success of the organization, is the communities’ passion for the cause. Very little support will be given if the community as a whole does not care, or doesn’t know enough about the reason the non-profit exists. Most of the time, advertising that is done for a non-profit comes out of their own pocket, therefore giving them a very little budget for popular ways of public advertisement that for profit companies take advantage of all the time.With proper awareness, prior planning, and a worthwhile cause, the community can come together and assist the non-profit on the road to success.References Boeing hands out 1,020 layoff warnings. (2010). SeattleTimes. com Retrieved from com/html/businesstechnology/2011122372_boeing19.html†http://seattletimes. nwsource. com/html/businesstechnology/2011122372_boeing19. html Chan, S. (2009). More layoffs at Microsoft today, says company e-mail from Steve Ballmer. SeattleTimes. com Retrieved from http://blog. seattletimes. nwsource. com/techtracks/2009/05/05/more_layoffs_at_m How to cite Community Book Festival, Papers

Industrial Conflict Essay Example For Students

Industrial Conflict Essay Industrial conflict refers to all expressions of dissatisfaction within the employment relationship, especially those pertaining to the employment contract, and effort bargain. There are different kinds of industrial conflict which may be divided into two broad classes namely informal and formal. An industrial conflict or dispute is defined as a withdrawal from work by a group of employees, or a refusal by an employer to allow workers to work. Causes of industrial conflict include wage demands, working conditions, management policy, political goals and social issues. The level of wage and salaries is often the major cause of disputes between an employee and employer. It also refers to a demand by employees for an increase in their wage rate or changes to the way in which their wages are calculated or determined. As well, wage demands may relate to pay rates may need to be adjusted to compensate employees in times of inflationary pressures and interest rates. Employees are more likely seek wage increases to maintain their standards of living. Disputes often arise over issues of working conditions and safety at the workplace. Include disputes concerning issues such as leave entitlements, pensions, compensation, hours of work. Employers will need to monitor physical working conditions and provide adequate clothing and equipment, first aid facilities, quality working equipment and amenities such as lunch room, change rooms and toilet facilities. Employees will take action if there is a risk to either their or others health and safety. Disputes are often the result of inadequate consultation by management with their employees. Disputes over changes that management wishes to implement will often cause industrial conflict. Matters include terms and conditions of employment, new awards and agreements, award restructuring, outsourcing and technology acquisitions and structural change. Political goals and social issues refers to non-industrial issues, but rather involves wider issues directed at persons or situations rather than those relating to the employer – employee relationship. Employee unions, federations and associations will often undertake actions that are unrelated to the basic wages and conditions of their member. The different stakeholders in employment relations view the relationship between employers and employees from a range of different perspectives. In unitary perspective employees work together as a team to achieve common goals. The unitary approach in ER assumes stakeholders such as employees and their employers work hand in hand to achieve shared goals. It sees the business as a unified entity in which everyone shares the same purpose and is part of the same team. If conflict does arise, it is seen as the fault of poor employee management or communication problems. Unions are needed. The pluralist perspective believes that conflict between employers and employees given their different aims and interests is expected at times. It also recognises that some interests are shared and that decision making should be shared between the competing parties. Both parties need to accept that the differing views can be considered for successful industrial relations to occur. The radical perspective believes that there are such fundamental differences between employer and employee that is almost certain that conflict will always occur. Sees conflict in the workplace and reflects the traditional view of â€Å"us employees versus those employers†. It believes that employers and employees are too opposed to work together. Stakeholders, who include employers, employees, unions and government organizations play important roles in resolving disputes. Employers use grievance procedures and negotiate agreements directly with employees to resolve disputes. On the other hand, employees use grievance procedures and negotiate with employers with or without unions, on a collective or individual basis. .u17f5d101216edf9178550d3bb7cd10f5 , .u17f5d101216edf9178550d3bb7cd10f5 .postImageUrl , .u17f5d101216edf9178550d3bb7cd10f5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u17f5d101216edf9178550d3bb7cd10f5 , .u17f5d101216edf9178550d3bb7cd10f5:hover , .u17f5d101216edf9178550d3bb7cd10f5:visited , .u17f5d101216edf9178550d3bb7cd10f5:active { border:0!important; } .u17f5d101216edf9178550d3bb7cd10f5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u17f5d101216edf9178550d3bb7cd10f5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u17f5d101216edf9178550d3bb7cd10f5:active , .u17f5d101216edf9178550d3bb7cd10f5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u17f5d101216edf9178550d3bb7cd10f5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u17f5d101216edf9178550d3bb7cd10f5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u17f5d101216edf9178550d3bb7cd10f5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u17f5d101216edf9178550d3bb7cd10f5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u17f5d101216edf9178550d3bb7cd10f5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u17f5d101216edf9178550d3bb7cd10f5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u17f5d101216edf9178550d3bb7cd10f5 .u17f5d101216edf9178550d3bb7cd10f5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u17f5d101216edf9178550d3bb7cd10f5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Presidential Candidates: Division And Classificati EssayEmployer associations also provide information and support to employers, assist in negotiations with unions, represent employers in tribunals. Unions represent employees in disputes from the shop floor to the national level, negotiate with manager, employers and associations, represent employees in tribunals. Government organisations are stakeholders who through their legislation can resolve or even prevent disputes. Government has also established the rules under which the parties negotiate, whether in individual contracts, collective bargaining or in the conciliation and arbitration system. It also has the responsibility of ensuring that these rules are followed, and stands ready to intervene if an agreement cannot be reached. There are two forms of industrial conflicts that can be taken by employees or employers; overt action and covert action. Overt industrial action is highly visible, direct and aimed at gaining maximum awareness and well organised by unions. Lockouts is action taken by employees where employers are not allowed to enter the workplace and are locked out from the workplace unless they agree to follow management order or work as directed. Pickets is where striking workers or a union attempt to gather outside the workplace forming a line to prevent entry of other employees, contract labour or suppliers from entering the workplace. A strike is a withdrawal of labour from production. Strikes are the most overt form of industrial action and aim to attract publicity and support for the employee’s case. Strikes occur when employees withdraw their labour in order to enforce a demand or express a grievance. Ban is when employees refuse to form a task that is usually not specified in their employment contract, such as overtime. Working to rule is similar to a work ban and involves workers only performing what is contained in their employment contract or award and following the strict terms of their employment contract or award. Covert action is not openly acknowledged or displayed with no organisation. Absenteeism usually refers to when employees are unhappy, usually when employees are not being considered by employers in times of dispute, the employees may undertake a system where they do not show up to work and absent themselves. Employees may take industrial action in the form of deliberately damaging physical items and causing vandalism in the workplace. Damage is done by employees to either the product or in production of the product. Employees usually take such action to harm or destroy the image of a firm. High voluntary labour turnover rates are often linked with absenteeism rates as indicators of conflict and dissatisfaction among employees. Conflict can arise when employees believe that they haven’t

Condorcet Essays - Philosophes, Girondists, Marquis De Condorcet

Condorcet Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, better known as Marquis de Condorcet, was born in Ribemont, Paris. He studied at Jesuit schools and the college de Navarre and later became a French philosppher, political leader, and mathmatician. He published a book titled Essai sur le calcul integral and in 1769 he was elected to the Academie des Sciences. He was very fasinated by probality and the philosophy of mathematics and this is where most of his famous work evolved from. He wrote Essay on the Application of Analysis to the Probabilty Majority Decisions which was very important work in the development of probablity. Condorcet was very opposed to the church and to show his opinions on this he wrote Vie de M Turgot and Vie de Voltaire. Both of these works showed how he agreed with the economic ideas of Turgot and the ideas of Voltaire, who was also opposed to the church. He is most known for his method for electing people in single-seat elections. His method Marquis de Condorcet became involved in politics and was in great favor of the French Revolution. He became the president of the Legislative Assembly. During the revolution he fled due to his strong disagreement with the Girondists. While he was hiding he wrote Esquisse d'un tableau historique des progres de l'esprit humain. He used nine stages to show the progress of the human race. He also showed another stage which showed the human perfection can be established with the help of education. He was soon discovered and was found dead the following day.

Elements Of Drama Essay Example

Elements Of Drama Essay Example Elements Of Drama Essay Elements Of Drama Essay Elements Of Drama The dictionary definition of Drama is the activity of acting, or simply a play for theatre, the elements however that make up this intricate and diverse art form are far more complex than the concluding definition. The elements of Drama are essentially building blocks that culminate in the finality of this wholesome, rigorous activity. A simple way to understand a form as complex as Drama, Is to look at It as a physical project, Like building a house. The first and most Important element Is the theme of the Drama. The main, starting Idea, the whole motive behind the play, the realization of what you want your audiences to feel and experience and what you want to produce. The theme can be looked at as basic criteria that you would have for your dream house, the kind of view that you want, the amount of land, the locality, basically the first steps in narrowing down on a concrete idea for what you want. The next logical step in terms of getting a house is buying a plot of land, and the next logical element of Drama is the plot as well. The plot is an outline of the course of events, its always in the present but can also include a flashback. The plot is the entire narration, the occurrences that bring out the theme, and comprise the whole story. Once you have your plot of land, you start building the structure of your house. Similarly, the next element of Drama is the structure of the play, which comprises of the beginning, the exposition or the middle, which spills into the transition, or the ending, which inevitably results in some kind of resolution. Once the house is ready, people move in and make the house a home; they infuse it with their energy, relationships, conflicts and personality. Like this, you must inject in characters and legislations to the structure to carry the plot forward. These characters can be realistic or imaginative or abstract. These characters are tools with which the drama Is presented, the plot played out and the theme revealed. Another tool that Is essential in Drama is the use of language. The language in a play is a form of expression, a direct confirmation for the direction that the plot is headed. The language can be symbolic; It must always give perspective and can even Incorporate Imagery. The language also has a tendency to spill Into a fragmented form, and almost always as some sort of a texture, which basically translates Into the overall feel of the characters and setting. This Is where sound value comes In, It Is Important to note that dictionary words have sound value too, even silence does, and It communicates the intellectual meaning of the word, or the sound in accordance to the feeling. For example, the word rough will still have the same sound value even if its said angrily or lovingly. Theatricality is created through conflict, without any conflict, the storyline will be static, the theme wont get across and it wont have any impact on the audience. Conflict is essential in drama, as it results in theatricality, the ups and downs in the storyline creates interest and is needed to establish the purpose of the play. Examples of conflict can vary from conflicts between two or more people, groups of people or even conflict within oneself, as in the character. The arousal of conflict generates suspense about the outcome of the conflict, which in turn helps the structure make sense and come together. The concluding and most practical aspect of Drama is the feasibility of the play. This takes into account the target audience, the recitalists, the objective or even the kind of actors that are required for the execution of the play. This aspect of Drama takes into consideration the technical and practical aspects of the play in terms of the requirements for its execution. In conclusion, all afore mentioned elements of Drama are instrumental in the becoming any play and provide a stable foundation for theatre productions to thrive on. Drama is a complex, diverse and wholesome form of expression, but there is a method behind its madness, a criteria and a process that validates or appreciates the dramaturgy of plays. By: Janis Kapok

Financial strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial strategy - Essay Example The above table provides a detailed outlook of the key financial ratios of the two firms in year 2009 and reflects the individual performance of each firm in the retail industry. It is critical to understand that the choice of Next Plc as the closes competitor of M&S is because of the fact that both the firms are in retail clothing industry. Though M&S offer other services such as food and financial services however, its main business always remained the sale of clothing. Similarly, Next Plc is also a retail clothing giant in UK industry and as such the comparison between the two makes sense due to relative similarities between the two entities. M&S is one of the leading retail chains in the World with more than 100 years of history of success. However, the recent performance of the firm indicates that all may not be good and future may further impair the capability of the firm to generate the consistent profitability and value for its shareholders. A brief look at the recent financial performance of the firm indicates that the profitability has drastically declined in 2009 by almost 4% as compared to year 2008. Similarly, return on equity has further declined to a level where it may not be able to support the overall expectations of the stock markets to sustain the current market prices of the shares. What is also significant to note that the firm’s asset management, leverage as well as interest coverage has further declined to a level where it may further hamper the future growth of the firm? Similarly, the performance of Next Plc, one of the leading competitors of the firm is also not satisfactory due to the current financial meltdown experienced by the firms in general. Various ratios indicate that Next Plc performed better as compared to M&S. The data shown in question 1 indicate that the overall performance of Next Plc is far superior to the performance of M&S. The five year’s data indicate that the liquidity ratios

Mayos Theory of Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mayos Theory of Management - Coursework Example At present, ethical issues have evolved as an essential component of corporate responsibility that business houses are not allowed to avoid (Conjecture Corporation, 2011). Mayo’s theory of management and its related issues have been proved to be directly impacting the business’ performances as it helps in satisfying stakeholders’ demands with respect to monetary benefits. On the other hand, keeping the workers unknown about the changes in working environment is not a good idea towards adhering to the ethical practices because workers are also important stakeholders of the businesses (Draper, 2010). Hiding information about the workplace changes by the managers will directly impact upon the relationship of trust between managers and workers. Precision or maintaining transparency with the workers by the managers is probably the best method of building and sustaining the trust. In the case of keeping the workers unknown about changes for increasing their productivity, managers can be accused of not being transparent towards their workers (Sims, 1992). Moreover, the managers can also be accused of not respecting the workers’ work if they hide information about the workplace from the workforce. When the workers come to know about the changes in their working environment after their performances being evaluated, they can develop distrust about their managers as a result of which it might lead to adverse consequences in the future (Huffmon, 2011). Thirdly, the managers can be accused of not following the modern mode of working as team within the organization. The charges against the manger can arise from the workforce who was kept unknown by them about the workplace changes (Huffmon, 2011). The consequences of the above measures toward workers from the part of the managers can ultimately distract the social system, which is believed to be created (evident from the conclusion of the Hawthorne experiment).

Management and Leadership Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Management and Leadership Development - Essay Example In this paper, Vodafone Group is used as a key case study for the application of theories in strategic human resource management that have been discussed earlier under literature review. As part of the application action, the key leadership and management issues in Vodafone group are going to be discussed as well as a critical review of the management development of Vodafone and how this is a contributing factor to the company’s five ranking on the list of Top 10 British Companies listed by market capitalization (Economic Help, 2012). The review shall clearly outline what Vodafone group is actually doing in terms of strategic human resource management and assign a general judgement as to whether or not the company has strategic human resource management strategy at all. Thereafter, there shall be a comparative assessment of the place of the strategic human resource management of Vodafone with theory to practice (Margit, 2011), after which general recommendations shall be given on the way forward to achieving a more enhanced corporate growth. Key leadership and management issues Leadership and management issues come in different forms and types within the Vodafone Group (Marek, 2011). Establishing considering the fact that the Vodafone Group employs some 86,373 people means that the company has a relatively larger scope of human resource issues to deal with than other companies because literature has actually showed that the human resource intensity of companies increase with increasing employee size (Schein, 1985). Among the number leadership and management issues in Vodafone however, three main issues shall be given attention, which are hiring, mentoring, and incentives. These are selected over the others because of the place these have in theory as the pivotal human resource issues for strategic organisational growth and development (Veiko, 2009). What is more, in the Vodafone Annual Report 2012, the company is emphatic about the role of these three ke y leadership and management issues to the success of the company. As seen in literature earlier, at Vodafone, there is a conscious effort by the top hierarchy of the company to clearly define what leaders need to do about these three issues, as well as what managers need to do. This way, there is a perfect harnessing of the human resource competence of the company and functions are not seen as overlapping (Pasmore, 2009). Management Development In terms of the critical issues identified as hiring, mentoring and incentives, the company does a number of things from a management theoretical perspective rather than a leadership theoretical perspective. For instance there is always a conscious effort to working towards alignment within the work team rather than just defining the company values (Gluck, Kaufman and Walleck, 1982). Using hiring as a typical example, Vodafone Group has an entire human resource management team that is made up of representatives and officers from all other dep artments of the company. This way, it is easier to align the needs of the company from all departments into a collective need of the company so that the hiring process will cater for the larger human capital inadequacies of the company (Waters, 1995). In effect, the hiring process at Vodafone Group is one that is done for corporate Vodafone and not one that is done

The Effect Of Motivation For Adult Learners English Language Essay

The Effect Of Motivation For Adult Learners English Language Essay This assignment investigates the effect that motivation brings to L2 adult learners and the development of motivational theories in L2 learning, which has received considerable attention recently. Dornyei (2001) highlighted the progressing importance in the motivational field studies and mentioned that the study of L2 motivation reached an unprecedented boom in the 1990s, with over 100 journal articles published on the topic. Motivation is a highly complex term, widely used not only in everyday life but also in many areas of social sciences, for example in various branches of psychology, in educational studies and in applied linguistics. It is intended to explain nothing less than the reasons for human behaviour. That causes and influences an action or the reason for doing something, in other words, motivation is taken as a key factor in L2 learning. According to Vanessen and Menting, Motivation refers to some internal state or attitudes of the learner and not to what brings it about. A language learner may be strongly or weakly motivated; that is to say, he may want to learn the language very much or not very much. In addition, Dornyei and Skehan offered the more precise definition about motivation and divided it into three parts: Motivation concerns (i) the choice of a particular action, (ii) the persistence with it, and (iii) the effort expended on it. In broad terms, motivation is responsible for why people decide to do something, how long they are willing to sustain the activity, and how hard they are going to pursue it. (2003:614) The purpose of this essay is to discuss that language learning motivation plays an essential role in both research and teaching; however, it used to be regard as a dynamic emotional or mental trait, also in the more recent research, learning motivation has been taken as fluctuating during the learning process. Nevertheless, the argument has not been well demonstrated in Asia. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate whether and how English learning motivation changed of adult L2 learning process in Taiwan. Given these premises, the paper is divided into three sections. The first section, I will analysis the different theories of motivation, such as Gardners Integrative Motivation with Instrumental Motivation, Dornyeis L2 Motivational Self System and Process Model of L2 Motivation those concerns with the main development of motivational theories. The second section, I will briefly explore the factors that make adult learners change their motivation on L2 learning. The third section, I will provide some effective suggestions and possible solutions to arouse adult learners learning motivation for classroom practice. The Development of Motivational Theories Dornyei defines the notion of motivation that The direction and magnitude of human behaviour, that is, the choice of a particular action, the persistence with it and the effort expended on it (2001:5). Gardner (1985) contributed to explain the distinction in motivation between integrative and instrumental has been significant in studies of motivation. Gardner (1985) saw L2 learners goals as being integrative or instrumental motivated. By practicing the advanced research that developed by Gardner and his associated colleagues in Canada. They analyzed the integrative motivation and instrumental motivation as the branches of social-psychology in the following: Integrative dimension The notion of integrative motivation was introduced into L2 studies by Gardner and Lambert (1959, 1972) in an attempt to explain variation in L2 motivation in multicultural environments. It is firmly based on the personality of the learner, and they suggest that the people who have stuck positively to resemble the foreign peoples concerned, to understand the culture, and to be able to participate in it from Skehan (1989). An integrative orientation involves an interest in learning an L2 because of a sincere and personal interest in the people and culture represented by the other language group (Lambert, 1974:98). Dornyei, Csizer and Nemeth (2006) defined that the most specific concept of the integrative dimension has been explained by Gardners (1985) theory of integrative motivation, there are three integrative components: Integrative Orientation, Integrativeness and Integrative Motivation/ Motive. Figure 1.1 shows a schematic representation of the construct. According to this following Figure 1.1, the integrative components participate in three levels of abstraction. Integrative Orientation directly feeds into integrativeness, which has effects on one of the three main elements of integrative motivation. Moreover, Gardner defines that orientations involve the hidden reasons of learning an L2; in a more precise way, they represent ultimate goals for achieving the more immediate goal of learning the second language (1985:11). He clarified that integrative orientation is not only stresses an emotional involvement with the other community but also reflect a positive non-ethnocentric approach to the other community (Gardner, 1985:133-134). Gardner (1985) illustrated the meaning of Integrativeness by using the Figure 1.1, which presents that it is a combination as made up of following variables: integration orientation, interest in foreign languages and attitudes towards L2 community. Back to Gardners explanation of integrative motivation: reflects a genuine interest in learning the second language in order to come closer to the other language community. At one level, this implies an openness to, and respect for other cultural groups and ways of life. In the extreme, this might involve complete identification with the community (and possibly even withdrawal from ones original group), but more commonly it might well involve integration within both community. (2001:5) The integrative motive is constructed by the attitudinal, goal-directed and motivational variables. From Figure 1.1, it generalizes integrativeness, attitudes towards the learning situation (evaluation of the L2 teacher and L2 course) and motivation. Furthermore, motivation here is defined as (1) desire to learn the L2, (2) motivational intensity (effort), (3) attitudes toward learning the L2. As for integrative motivation, Gardner and Lambert (1959) investigated English speaking high school students studying French in Montreal. In this context those students with an integrative motivation were more successful in their language learning than those with instrumental motivation. Young children might have simple goals in L2 learning. They may want to know more about the foreign country and may wish to experience their culture, so that is the reason why they learn an L2. Attitudes Toward L2 Community Interest in Foreign Languages Integrative Orientation Desire to Learn the L2 MOTIVATION INTEGRATIVENESS Evaluation of the L2 Course Evaluation of the L2 Teacher Attitudes Toward Learning the L2 Motivational Intensity (Effort) ATTITUDES TOWARD THE LEARNING SITUATION Figure 1.1 Schematic representation of Gardners integrative motive (based on Gardner, 1985) Instrumental dimension In L2 motivational research, instrumental motivation has been highly discussed and compared with integrative motivation. Vanessen and Menting gave a brief overview of instrumental motivation: The instrumentally motivated learner requires the language as a means to some other end, whereas for the integrative learner the language and all that it brings by way of culture is an end in itself. (1975:76) This type of motivation is on the basis of the advantages which will bring with L2 learning. For example, for better professional achievement, for a better job or a higher salary as a consequence of mastering an L2 as Dornyei, Csizer and Nemeth (2006) pointed out. However, in Gardners opinion (1985), he categorized instrumentality as a type of orientation rather than motivation, that is, a goal for L2 learning. From Gardner and Lamberts (1972) example to illustrate the instrumental motivation, they conducted the research in the Philippines, English, has definitely great instrumental value, as an international language adopted there for business purposes. People have vital needs to master it, so high school pupils with instrumental motivation were highly encouraged. Comparisons between Integration Motivation and Instrumental Motivation Although Gardner (1985) has continued to put emphasis on integrative motivation, the studies showed that instrumental motivation can also lead to successful learning. However, there is a doubt on the statement of finding a positive relationship between integrative motivation and L2 achievement. Oller, Baca and Vigil (1977) provided an example that Mexican women in California who rated Anglo people negatively were more successful in learning English than those who rated them positively. Hence, they conclude the result that sometimes learners may be motivated by negative attitudes toward the target language community. Gardner and Lambert (1972) mentioned that both types of motivation frequently co-exist in the same learner, but it should be admitted that it is hard to classify one thought to either one motivation and decide which one is which one. Lantolf and Genugn (2002) presented a case study of a doctoral students Chinese learning experience of an intensive summer course as describing the dynamically changing of motivation. This learner was taking Chinese learning as part of her PhD studies. At first, the learner began with the goal of developing communicative ability in Chinese but because of strictness of the instructor, the learner abandoned her goal, replacing it with passing the requirement of the PhD program. This showed the shift of motivation changed on L2 learning. The L2 Motivational Self System In more recent studies, Dornyei (2005) proposed a new theoretical approach to understand L2 motivation, that is, L2 Motivational Self System. It attempts to combine findings of self search in psychology with a number of essential theoretical L2 constructs together. The central theme of the L2 motivation self system has been interpreted as integrativeness/ integrative motivation with the Ideal L2 Self (Dornyei, Csizer and Nemeth, 2006). Nevertheless, Ideal L2 Self refers to all the characteristics that a person would like to maintain. (e.g. hopes, aspirations, desires). Dornyei (2005) has highlight the significant of The L2 Motivational Self System that it broads the frame of the traditional conception of L2 motivation. The Ideal L2 Self is a powerful motivation to learn the particular language; therefore, learners would like to reduce the contradiction between their actual and ideal selves. Process Model of L2 Motivation Pre-actional Stage Actional Stage Post-Actional Stage Motivational Retrospection Motivational Functions: Forming casual attributions Elaborating standards and strategies Dismissing intention and further planning Main Motivational Influences: Attributional factors (e.g. attributional styles and biases) Self-Concept beliefs (e.g. self-confidence and self-worth) Received Feedback, praise, grades. Executive Motivation Motivational Functions: Generating and carrying out sub-tasks Ongoing appraisal Action Control Main Motivational Influences: Quality of the learning experience (pleasantness, need significance, coping potential, self-and social image) Sense of autonomy Teachers and parents influence Classroom reward-and -goal-structure (e.g. competitive or cooperative) Influence of the learner group. Knowledge and use of self-regulatory strategies (e.g. goal-setting, learning and self-motivating strategies). Choice Motivation Motivational Functions: Setting goals Forming Intentions Launching Action Main Motivational Influences: Various goal properties (e.g. goal relevance, specificity and proximity) Values associated with the learning process itself, as well as with its outcomes and consequences. Attitudes toward the L2 and its speakers Expectancy of success and perceived coping potential Learning beliefs and strategies Environmental support or hindrance. Figure 1.2 A process model of learning motivation in the L2 classroom (based on Dornyei and Skehan 2003:619) Dornyei and Otto (1998) proposed a process model of L2 motivation. This is dynamic time-related process model, incorporating three stages, the first as we prepare to engage in an action, associated with the pre-actional phase; the second actually getting engage into the action and after the event, the final stage involves the learners final analysis of the actional process when it is completed, as explained as Figure 1.2. illustrating three stages processing in language activities and the factors affect L2 learners set motivation during the learning process. In addition, this dynamic process model of L2 motivation uses time to organize the relevant motivational influences into various stages and also affects students language learning behaviour in classroom settings. Discussion: What factors make Taiwanese learners change their motivation on L2 learning? Motivation has been taken as an understanding of a complex mental process. Ellis (1994:524) pointed out that researchers have investigated the operational system about motivational construction and nearly all of the theories are rooted by the conscious brain working; however, human beings make decisions may in a conscious or unconscious situation, but nowadays the technology has not had the effectiveness to search for answers of motivational decisions making from which parts of the brains and the relationship between consciousness and unconsciousness. Nevertheless, as Gardner (1985) explained that for some people a wish to integrate, in some sense, with the speech community of the language being learnt seemed to be more strongly associated with success, while for others a wish to capitalize on the usefulness of knowing a language within the learners own culture was more effective. This was the distinction made famous by him and his colleagues (Gardner 1985) between integrative and in strumental orientations. Although it is difficult to distinguish from the conscious or unconscious decision making, there is now a colourful mix of approaches to the understanding of L2 motivation for adult L2 learners on language learning. Age is one of the factors that make adult learners change their motivation on L2 learning. Ellis (1994:523) stated that children generally enjoy the advantage over adult in L2 learning because of their age, but adult may learn faster than children during a short term learning. Moreover, adult learners often have already set up goals for the reason why they want to learn an L2, and instrumental motivation always overweighs integrative motivation on L2 learning. As we can see from Dornyei and Skehans (2003) L2 motivational learning process model (Figure 1.2), learners are affected by the environment very much during the Pre-Actional Process and Actional Process. Kharma (1974) also argued that motivating factors may vary so widely from one community to another that what applies to one situation may not apply at all to another. For adult learners, the age factor should also be taken into consideration in L2 teaching. He straight highlighted the significance that the age at which the student begins to learn the foreign language and the impact of the maturational stages on the continuation of the foreign language course at school have great influence on motivation set up. Most of the adult learners decide to learn an L2 may because of instrumental motivation. Furthermore, the other influence factors of adult L2 learners motivation changed are the students linguistic and cultural background and the status of the mother tongue; the teachers attitu de to the teaching profession in general and to foreign language teaching in particular, the relationship between teacher and student, and the schools attitude to the language may play an enhancement of motivation. Implications for Taiwanese Adult Learners on Second Language Learning Since most of the adult learners are eager to learn an L2 because of the reasons for better job or higher salary and so on, but for the rest of the adult learners may still want to explore the foreign culture or be interested in achievement on L2 learning. No matter for what motivation, the adult learners should be encouraged by teachers on L2 learning. The recent motivational research has focused on more classroom learning than the early work of Gardner and associates in Canada. Dornyei and Csizer (1998:215) listed ten commandments for good teachers who motivate their learners in classroom practice. Set a personal example with your own behaviour. Create a pleasant relaxed atmosphere. Present tasks properly. Develop a good relationship with the learners. Increase the learners linguistic self-confidence. Make the language classes interesting. Promote learner autonomy. Personalise the learning process. Increase the learners goal-orientedness. Familiarise learners with target language culture. Kharma (1974) stated that the foreign language teacher is unquestionably the most important element of all. For being a foreign language teacher should have great attitude towards arousing learners motivation in learning an L2, and always be ready for the situation of competence. In this way, the learners may be affected positively by the teachers more and more, therefore, the learning efficiency and learning motivation can be much more stable. In addition, Ellis (1994:516-17) reported that language teachers tended to lead to increased motivation, thereby, to increased productivity. He believes that good language teachers may link L2 learners with the real world and lift up their persistence and effort in language learning. 5. Conclusion The study of L2 motivation reached a great turning point in 1990s, and an increasing number of researchers investigate the underlying theories or discover the new models of theoretical approaches to explain the complex mental process on Second Language Learning. The development of motivation theories as I mentioned above which all have close relationship between each other, and explain the construction of learners motivational setting. Motivation is a dynamic perspective and so called an educational shift that Ellis (1994) named. Due to the complexity of motivation, language teachers may have great responsibility on enhancing the link between language learning and motivation maintaining. In Taiwan, most of the adult learners who decide to learn an L2 because of requirement of the professional qualifications. However, sometimes they may have both integrative motivation and instrumental motivation co-exist. The Ideal L2 Self also helps adult learners pay more attention on L2 learning in order to achieve the goals for themselves; therefore, the language teachers once understand the process of motivation setting, the efficiency of learning can be promoted better as well. word count: 3091

Essay --

Resurrecting the Avant-Gardes: Applying Ranciere to Burger To integrate art in the praxis of everyday life—the avant-garde credo, as defined by Burger in his Theory of the Avant-garde—was a manifesto which he declared inherently suicidal, an obituary more than a proclamation of the future. The prevailing narrative of the avant-garde has since been one of decline, ceding defeat to its institutionalization. The avant-gardes may shattered the forms of autonomous art, but those dispersed contents could not ultimately mark a path toward the liberation they promised. Claiming that the avant-gardes were ultimately a failed project, Burger proposes that Capitalism fulfilled their dream on its own terms, art losing its autonomy in the general anesthetization and commodification of life. Burger writes, â€Å"†¦the culture industry has brought about the false elimination of the distance between art and life, and this also allows one to recognize the contradictoriness of the avant-gardiste undertaking: the result is that the Avant-garde, for all its talk of purging art of affirmation with forces of production consumption, became an accomplice in the total subsumption of Art under capitalism.† For this reason, any discussion of the avant-gardes risk appearing belated, gesturing back to the problematic contradiction outlined by Burger above. However, this assumes that the end of autonomy brought about by Capitalism takes the same form as that which the Avant-garde sought to achieve. While Burger does not explicitly equate the two, he nevertheless fails to distinguish them, and this ambiguity itself merits a reconsideration of the avant-garde’s relationship with contemporary art practice. For if Burger’s genealogy of the avant-garde is in fa... ... performance pieces from becoming materialized via their documentation, one still finds many discreetly taken photographs and videos of his pieces circulating the web. Likewise, the reception of Yoko Ono’s 2003 reprisal of Cut Piece (1964) as captured by CBSnews.com’s article, â€Å"Crowd Cuts Yoko Ono’s Clothing Off† is typical of the sensationalized reception which characterizes the market consumption of avant-garde practices . So Burger was right in saying the culture industry consumes the most radical of gestures, for no one is completely outside the market, the circuit of exchange. On the other hand, no one is completely inside of it—there remain parts of humanity to which the market can stake no claim, Following this, we can perhaps write this addendum to the avant-garde demand: to integrate art within life-praxis, and make visible what is absent from both .

Identity In Contemporary European Cinema Film Studies Essay

Analyse the subject of individuality ( e.g. national, gender ) in two movies that you have studied on the faculty. Trainspotting follows the lives of groups of friends in Edinburgh. This movie has been known as an illustration of a ‘ new Scottish film, ‘ which leaves the stereotypes of tartanry and kailyadism which is imposed by film makers from outside Scotland, embraces urban and modern-day Scotland, and is the merchandise of a Scots movie industry. Trainspotting â€Å" non merely breaks with many traits typical of earlier cinematic representation of Scotland, but besides demonstrates the troubles of building a discourse conveying a new Scottish individuality, which is meant to replace the old Tartan and Kailyard stereotypes † . The regional individuality of Trainspotting is Scottishness. This is established through the speech pattern of the characters in the movie and besides the mise-en-scene. The Scots slang is another individuality of Scottishness, and the dark nine scene, Sput and Tommy ‘s conversation is captions, this distinctivness to the non-Scottish audiences have in the apprehension of Scots accents.In the five-a-side game at the beginning of the movie, Renton and Begbie are both have oning viridity and white shirts as one of the Edingburgh squads. This gives the characters their portion of Edinburgh and that they are portion of the Catholic community. The soiled kit they are have oning gives the presence of economic marginalization and low life style. The thought of Scots national individuality is seen throughout the movie. The tourer ideal of Scotland is taken off from the mundane experiences of the characters, and Renton expresses the rejection of â€Å" official † Scotland in the movie ‘s most celebrated scene when the male childs visits the Highlandss. In Trainspotting the Scots idiom in the movie shows the Scots heritage, giving a continual reminder to the viewing audiences of the chauvinistic differences between the English and Scottish. The movie is made amusing by the idiom, which opens a new angle from which to near the audience. In Trainspotting there the female, she is shown as a Heroin nut, compared to the other five males. This goes with the traditional manner to understand the drug subculture as male dominated. The grounds are linked to gendered thoughts about adult females, even the intensions of diacetylmorphine dependences are criminalism, foulness. These things are by and large understood to use to male members of the low societal category. The other female character, Diane, she is seen as strong articulate confident immature miss, really mature for her immature age. She blackmails me to see Renton once more and if he does n't she ‘ll state the constabulary. Nakedness is outnumbered in more with male childs than misss. Renton and Diane in full frontal nakedness, Spud nevertheless is undressed by his girlfriend as he lies on the bed, we see Mother Superior rear as Alison injects Heroin into the venas of his phallus. The camera does non travel in the bare shootings, and there are no close-ups on the private parts and nor does the camera cover the bare organic structures shot ; this objectifies the nudity of the characters in the movie. There is no female or male regard, and the manner which nakedness is shown in the movie, Trainspotting is gender-neutral. This movie is known to be for â€Å" one for the male childs † , it deals with gender issues such as the inquiring of both the male and female duality and the hegemony of heterosexualism. By overstating the gender stereotypes are one of the chief agencies that are used to movie to appeal to the audience is humourous ways. One illustration is Begbie. He is seen depicted as being happening troubles to work out struggles with aid of anything but force. He is seen sitting about in Renton ‘s level have oning his underclothes, and ptyalizing beer on the floor, he is seen being represented as a wholly devoid of emotions that he does non even see his friends dislike him and all this work stoppages is to being over the top but we merely laugh at it. Jamon Jamon is a Spanish movie, filmed in Spain. In this movie there are many elements to the Spanish patriotism that keeps the movie in tradition with Spain. First image that is normally seen throughout the film is the black Bull hoarding. You see the Bull bumper spines are seen throughout Spain, and the intension is linked with Spanish culturalisim, including Bullfighting. In the topographic point Catalunya you would see donkey bumper spines, as significance of Catalan individuality, the low donkey being the symbol of that part. The Bull is the official emblem of Spain, associating it to bull combat. In the decision of the credits, in Jamon Jamon, the black background is shown to be a mammoth hoarding advertisement brandy and stand foring a bull. As the field of vision unfastened to uncover the infinite of narrative action, ( desert scarred by a busy expressway ) a concluding handbill spot of inkiness ( the testiss of the bull ) remains dominant in frame and provides the background for the manager ‘s name. The most obvious, manner the movie defines the position and involvement to be the relationship between the narrative the actions the topographic point and assorted ( symbolic and iconic ) representation of maleness. Another illustration of muscularity and individuality in national civilization is the scene where Raul is practising bullfighting utilizing a wheel-barrow. Raul shootings of him have oning a tight blue trunkss, and gray sleeveless jersey, and shut up shootings are being used to demo his muscularity and shut up of his large phallus pouching through the trunkss. The individuality of male is frequently played with intension of meat. Hence the interlingual rendition of the movie name Jamon Jamon, as Ham Ham. Throughout the movie, there are a batch of shootings of male venereal countries. The scene where they are looking for their following underwear theoretical account, there is a line of good built muscular work forces standing, merely have oning underpants. This gives the intension of the male ‘s meat, shown with close up shootings of each adult male ‘s underpants. Female individuality is shown both dominant, but besides stereotyped. Jose ‘s female parent, Conchita plays the function of a high category concern adult female. She is seen looking glamourous, clean, expensive white apparels, and seen driving a Mercedes. She stands out from the other characters, as even the auto, is much more expensive than other vehicles around in the movie. Lorries and broken minibikes are seen. She seems to hold power with money, corrupting Raul with money to seek and score Silvia to interrupt matrimony with her boy. Silvia nevertheless is like the antonym ; she is seemed to be the on the job category miss of Spain. She has no power, but her gender and artlessness and good expressions bring her ain sort of power. The stereotyped is shown, as she is seen working in a mill, chiefly female workers, who all are run uping underwear for work forces. The male individuality starts off with being masculine. Many scenes of the male, particularly Rauls, are shown to look tough, strong and sexy looking adult male. Audience for the female regard. But so once more, there is little intension to stand for him with jambon. Him being treated like a piece of meat, he is bribed with money and gifts to make things for Conchita. She offers him money to kip with Silvia, and offers him a motor motorcycle and Mercedes if he continues to kip with her. It shows that he has nil, and will be willing to to make anything at a monetary value. The line of meat in the mill all lined up, on ropes, are seen once more in intension traveling back to the scene where they are choosing an underwear theoretical account. They are all lined up similar to the jambon that is tied up in Rauls place. ( 1248 ) Mazierska E and Rascaroli L 2003 From Moscow to Madrid: Postmodernist Cities, European Cinema. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. McArthur C 1982 Scotland and film: the wickedness of the male parents, in C McArthur ( ed. ) Score Reels: Scotland in Cinema and Television. London: BFI: 40-69. Smith M 2002 Trainspotting. London: BFI. Street S 1997 British National Cinema. London: Routledge. Welsh I 2004 Trainspotting. London: Minerva.

Hk History Essay

Hk History Essay Hk History Essay For a long time, the closed door policy of Qing dynasty isolated China from all the western countries. The missionaries also had the fear of going to China until 19th century. Inevitably, the first Opium War broke out. As a result, China was forced to sign the Treaty of Nanjing, which stated that Hong Kong was ceded to the United Kingdom and China had to open to the foreign trade. With missionaries coming, the Christian education was in a process of gradual development. In the beginning, the missionaries had the aim of training local missionary and spreading their ideas through natives. However, there still were some reasons which made them to hesitate. (1) They had no direct responsibility for education and they were not the proper men. (2) The supreme purpose of education was to cultivate talent, impart knowledge and promote the development of science, which did not satisfy the gospel of preach. (3) Related to money issue, the money they received from Church was supposed to be used directly in missionary work rather than educational work. (Peter, 2009, p. 44) In order to eliminate these kinds of concern, a missionary conference was held in Shanghai in 1890. According to records, Calvin Mateer proclaimed that â€Å"mission school were for evangelization†, â€Å"education was the means and tools for evangelism†. (Peter, 2009, p. 44) By more people doing so, the missionaries gradually accepted a truth that the more education the natives received, the friendlier they were to western preachers. Consequently, the missionary education turned out to enjoy a boom in Hong Kong. As time goes by, trying to achieve a better result of missionary work, missionaries enlarged the range of school subjects. â€Å"The Burton Commission Report of 1922 gave a new directive to Christian colleges, namely to be more efficient, more Christian and more Chinese.† (Peter, 2009, p. 45) As Peter states, the Christian education benefited thousands of people, enabling them to obtain advanced ideas and creative knowledge. Nevertheless, during the Anti-Japanese War, the social and national reasons became the barriers to the development of

Metric System essays

Metric System essays The Metric system is the most used system of measurement in the world. Americans are not fairly up to date about. Some people believe that the whole world deals with miles, feet, and pounds. Yet, they are mistaken. The whole world deals with meters, grams, and liters. The United States is the only country that does not use the metric system. The metric system official name is the SI or International System of Units. The metric system is the official system of measurement of science. Everything in science is based on metrics. There was a law passed in 1975 by Congress for America to convert to a metric country like the rest of the world. Yet, it fell through and never came to be. In this paper I will explain the many facets of the metric system. How it came to be, how it works, its seven base units, its prefixes, and how to convert metric system units from one to another. History of measurement Throughout Time Measurement has been used in society since the time of Noahs ark. Noahs base unit was called the cubit. It was the distance from a mans tip of his middle finger to his elbow. This was the most efficient because it could be used right away. The practice of using the body for measurement continued on. The foot was developed by using the mans foot for measurement. While the body for measurement the ancient societies found interesting things about the body. An inch was originally the width of a mans thumb. They also uncovered some ratios that existed in the body. The inch was also the length from the tip of the forefinger to the begging of the joint. Twelve times that number was the foot. Three times the foot was the distance from the tip of the nose to the tip of the middle finger. This is the invention of the yard. Two yards equaled a fathom, which was the distance from the tip of the middle fingers from an outst...

Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 4

Proposal - Essay Example However most individuals are not aware of the health hazards which regular fast food consumption may cause. Although it is not possible to completely eradicate fast food, it is important to reduce its consumption and make people aware of its health implications. Fast food chains however hesitate to display nutritional information as they fear it may cause losing consumers. This practice further impacts food choice and causes chronic health conditions. According to the National Institute of health Statistics of the U.S (2002), the proportion of obese adults have grown from 23% to 31%. A number of fast food chains which are stated to be healthy also have grown multiple folds in the last decade. Many health researchers such as Heini and Weinsier (1997) have opined that individuals at present burn fewer calories as compared to earlier times due to the rapid growth of technology. Although the number of leisure activities are seen to rise steadily, the time spend by individuals in these activities has been low. Individuals do not indulge in as much physical activity as per their calorie intake (Chandon, Morwitz and Reinartz, 2005). Moreover, the health claims made by fast food chain restaurants misdirect consumers. According to Mussweiler (2003) the nutritional facts stated by many fast food chains are seen to be inaccurate due to which more orders gets placed. Consumers get misdirected by the manner in which fast food chains display t he calorific information of different food items (Ledikwe, Julia and Barbara, 2005). The attitude of consumers towards such information is also seen to remain casual to a very large extent. The presence of a few vegetables or fruit items in the food gets overestimated by consumers and they fall under the assumption that the food they are consuming is healthy (Balasubramanian and Cole, 2002). Additionally, consumers are not aware of the net amount of energy their body requires each day and therefore

Private Equity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Private Equity - Essay Example On average, private equity has produced very high returns with low correlations to public stocks and bonds and real estate. In other words, private equity offers the prospect of both high returns and increased portfolio diversification. In some cases, private equity may also provide collateral benefits, e.g., a vehicle to make economically targeted investments or to create or preserve union jobs. Finally, there is also the undeniable appeal of seeking innovative investments (Gompers, 2003). 1. Until the investments go public or are liquidated, investments are carried either at cost or at prices set by later rounds of financing. Except in this latter case, private equity is even harder to accurately value than real estate (Bray,1997). 2. Ultimate returns have varied (and are likely to continue to vary) widely by "vintage year," i.e., the year of initial investment, because of wide fluctuations in the business cycle. For example, the median 1986 private equity fund returned only 8.4% per year through 1997, whereas the median 1990 private equity fund returned more than 17% per year through 1997. 3. ... (In statistical terms, the mean return is much higher than the median.) For example, for venture funds formed in 1988, an upper quartile manager returned almost 18% more per year than a lower quartile one from 1988 through 1997 (21.6% vs. 3.9%). 4. Reputation is very important: The best deals and the largest investment flows tend to go to firms with the best track records. Consequently (and quite unlike public equity markets), success tends to persist. The result, however, is that it is often difficult, if not impossible, for new investors to get into the best partnerships or deals. Here, the services of an established fund-of-funds manager can be of real value (Gompers, 2003). AIM OF THE PAPER Private equity (PE) buy-out deals have profound influence on domestic economies. Since the beginning of this year, they have accounted for more than one third of all deals that have been done on the New York stock Exchange1, and have raised $240 billion of cash for their acquisition plans2. The purpose of this report is to discuss the consequences of this type of buy-out on public markets, jobs, and tax revenues. Nevertheless, The effects of high leverage, which is used by PE firms to finance this class of acquisition, are beyond the scope of this report. DISCUSSION Private Equity investment used to be defined as "an equity investment in a company which is not quoted on a stock exchange". However, currently this definition has many limitations because it does not include investments that are structured as convertible debt and investments in public companies that are taken private3. For the purposes of this paper, Private Equity Buy-Out deal is a subset of

Strengths, Weaknesses and Plan of Action of an Analysis Essay

Strengths, Weaknesses and Plan of Action of an Analysis - Essay Example I have also been able to use a variety of sentence structures like simple, compound and complex sentence structures which help articulate my thoughts in a proper manner. Very short paragraphs keep the reader interested. I am also able to, as it shows by my draft, discuss both the sides of the issue so that the reader may be able to get a better idea about the positive and negative aspects of the issue at hand. It seems that I am very efficient in the presentation of my draft as the tone remains the same and all textual evidence is properly cited. It seems that I have been unable to specify a specific audience for my text. This may have led to some confusion for the reader as to for whom the text is really intended for. The text is not confusing in itself, but still, there should have been audience specification. I have not used any metaphors. The text seems to be less literary and more philosophical, which is something that many readers who are looking for some scholarly text might get disappointed about. Also, I have not used any external source which may have been necessary to back up my opinion. I have generalized the issue according to my own opinion, and there is no external source to support my argument. Other than these points, I have not come to know any noticeable weakness in the structure, layout and presentation in my text by way of my instructor’s and peer’s feedback. The first thing I need to revise is that I should incorporate some external sources in my text to back up my argument. I think it is very important as one is able to give more evidence to support one’s point of view. This involves research, and I must be able to do this by looking up for literary sources in the library and over the internet. I must, however, first consult my instructor to determine whether an external source is actually required in the first place. The second thing that I need to think upon is specifying my audience.

African American Women in Hollywood Essay Example for Free

African American Women in Hollywood Essay In early film many African American actresses portrayed roles as mammies, slaves, seductresses, and maids. These roles suppressed them not allowing them to show their true talents. Although they had to take on these degrading roles, they still performed with dignity, elegance, grace and style. They paved the way for many actresses to follow both blacks and whites. These women showed the film industry that they were more than slaves, mammies, and maids. These beautiful actresses showed the film industry that they are able to hold lead parts and even carry the whole cast if need be. Phenomenal actresses such as Hattie McDaniels, Pearl Bailey, Ethel Waters, Nina Mae McKinney, and Dorothy Dandridge, to name a few, are African-American stars who paved the way for so many African-American actresses today despite the hardships that they were faced with. These women displayed beauty, intellect and talent, which allowed the stars that followed that they do not have to just settle for stereotypical roles. In early film there was much propaganda and even today, which lead to these demeaning roles that they had to betray, Professor Carol. Penney of Yale-New Haven writes, Film is one of the most influential means of communication and a powerful medium of propaganda. Race and representation is central to the study of the black film actor, since the major studios reflected and reinforced the racism of their times. The depiction of blacks in Hollywood movies reinforced many of the prejudices of the white majority rather than objective reality, limiting black actors to stereotypical roles (1). Hattie McDaniels, a trailblazer amongst African-American film, acquired many firsts for African-American actors. McDaniels was the first African-American to sing on the radio, first to receive an Oscar for best supporting actress in Gone with the Wind. She was also the first African-American to star in a sitcom in 1951 that featured an African-American actress in the title role (Pax 1). McDaniels appeared in more than three hundred films during the twenties and thirties. Her career was built on the ? Mammy image, a role she played with dignity (Smith 7). She received much flack from the blacks because of the roles she played in film and on radio. Blacks felt that she was degrading the race but her reply was to these views were, Hell Id rather play a maid than be one (Encyclopedia of World Biography 406). After her acclaim role as Mammy in Gone With the Wind, McDaniels was never paid anything less than $31,000 for a performance. This was much for an African-American as well as a white entertainer. Even though she broke that barrier McDaniel was still oppressed by racism not only on film, but also off film. She was faced with racial legal problems when trying to acquire a home in Los Angeles. At that time there was a limited black land and home ownership right. Though she won the suite she still was subjected to racial hostility from her neighbors. McDaniels experience oppressions of many types during her career, but she continued to take the mammy roles but played them with dignity and respect. In spite of her being the mammy, McDaniels made sure that her characters had the upper hand. After McDaniels death the mammy roles died with her. Pearl Bailey, the Ambassador of Love career took off on Washingtons U street at the age of fifteen years of age. She started off as a singer and appeared in many nightclubs. In the mid-30s she performed with the Noble Sissles Band in the Village Vanguard and Blue Angel Club. In the 40s she was the lead singer for Count Basie, Cab Calloway and Cootie Williams. She debuted on Broadway in St. Louis Blue; she won honors for as Broadways best newcomer. After her debut on Broadway films she performed in Variety Girl, Isnt It Romantic, Carmen Jones, and Porgy and Bess. In 1967 she won a Tony Award for heading the all-black cast of Hello Dolly! A role that allowed her, she said, ?to sing, dance, say intelligent words on stage, love and be loved and deliver what God gave me? and Im dressed up besides'(Black History: Virginia Profiles 1). Hello Dolly! allowed Bailey to be beautiful. Former President Ronald Reagan awarded Bailey was with the Medal of Freedom in 1988. She was also a special delegate to the United Nations under Ford, Reagan and Bush. While in her sixties Bailey went back to college and received her degree in theology from Georgetown University (2). Ethel Waters, Sweet Mama Stringbean, started her career in Vaudeville and nightclubs. In the 1921 Waters performed her first debut album The New York Glide and At the New Jump Steady Bump. In the mid-twenties she was coined as a pop singer (Red Hot Jazz 1). On stage she was in successful productions of Africana, Blackbird of the 1930, Rhapsody in Black, and Cabin in the Sky (Penney 8). She also starred in Pinky in 1949 this was a message film on racism. Waters did not receive recognition for her work until she portrayed Berenice Sadie Brown in The Member of The Wedding. The Member of the Wedding was more than simply a movie. It was very important repects a motion-picture event. Foremost, it marked the first time a black actress was used to carry a major-studio white production. Secondly, the movie was another comeback for Ethel Waters. Her autobiography, His Eye Is On The Sparrow? she told all the lurid details of her life the turbulent events in the autobiography convinced patrons that Ethel Waters, who always portrayed long-suffering women, was indeed the characters she played? Now patrons rooted for her to succeed? to triumph(8). During Waterss career she was nominated for an Oscar best supporting actress in the film Pinky. She also received the New York Drama Critics Award for best actress. Ethel Waterss last performance was in the film The Sound and the Fury in 1959. She continued singing and touring with evangelist Billy Graham until her death in 1977 (Red Hot Jazz 1). Nina May McKinney was the screens first black goddess (Penney 3). She was the first black actor in the film to be recognized as a potential mainstream star (7). McKinney was also the most successful African-American actress in the 1920s and 1930s (South Carolina African American History Online 1). McKinneys career started as a New York City nightclub dancer and later received a role in Lew Leslies Blackbird Revue. In 1929, King Vidor, of MGM Studios, casted McKinney as Chick, a promiscuous young woman in Hallelujah. In the famous cabaret scene McKinney, as Chick, danced a sensuous dance which has been copied by leading lady Lena Horne in Cabin in the Sky to Lola Falana in The Liberation of L. B. Jones (Penney 7). In Hallelujah, Chick represented the black woman as an exotic sex object, half woman, half child. She was the black woman out of control of her emotions, split in two by her loyalty and her own vulnerabilities. Implied throughout the battle with self was the tragic mulatto theme? In this stereotypical concept the white half of her represented the spiritual; the black half-animalistic (7). Hallelujah was considered the ace of all-black pictures? The film had a strong plot, but unfortunately the message was? blacks should stay in their place. Though McKinney received much praise for her role as Chick she did not generate leading roles in the American film industry. She was relegated to assuming routine black characters or to partaking in independently produced, low budget all black movies, as was the pattern for most of the outstanding African-American actors and actresses of the era? McKinney acted in a few other films in the 1940s. Her most notable role was in Pinky. McKinney was also a stage actress and performed at the famous Apollo Theatre in Harlem. Barred from opportunities and stardom in Hollywood, she soon departed the United States and took her great talents to Europe? in Greece she was known as the Black Garbo? she also starred with the great actor Paul Robeson in the film Sanders of the River (South Carolina 2). Later in McKinneys life the great star returned to the States and died in New York City in 1967. Dorothy Dandridge is amongst Hollywoods beauties in the 1940s and 1950s. Though she receives much recognition today as the most beautiful and talented actresses of her time, but at that time she was seen as just another Black actress. Followed in the footsteps of the great Nina Ma McKinney, though they possessed the beauty and the charisma as other female actresses of their time their color was still seen first. Like many actors and actresses of her time Dandridge career went through many highs and lows because of her race. Dandridges career began as a singer with her sister Vivian, they were known as the Wonder Children and later the group became a trio by the name the Dandridge Sisters. She played in many movies in the 1940s such as: Yes Indeed, Sing for My Supper, Jungle Jig, Easy Street, Cow Cow Boogie, and Paper Dolls to name a few. She was not recognized until her performance as Carmen in Carmen Jones. Her co-stars were Harry Belafonte, Pearl Bailey and Diahann Caroll. She was the first Black to be nominated for an Oscar for best actress (African-American Almanac 248). Dandridges role as Carmen lead to more opportunities for African-Americans in films. Dandridge was the first African-American woman to be held in the arms of a white man in the film, Island in the Sun. She was also the first African-American to have an interracial kiss in The Decks Ran Red (Pioneer Actress 2). Though the film Carmen Jones allowed Dandridge to have a lead role she the character was the stereotypical mulatto woman with a high sex drive and filled with deceit. Penney writes, The irony that overshadowed Dandridges career was that although the image she marketed appeared to be contemporary and daring, at heart it was based on an old classic type, the tragic mulatto. In her important films Dorothy Dandridge portrayed doomed, unfilled women. Nervous and vulnerable, they always battled with the duality of their personalities. As such, they answered the demands of their times. Dorothy Dandridges characters brought to a dispirited nuclear age a razor-sharp sense of desperation that cut through the bleak monotony of the day. Eventually- and here lay the final irony- she may have been forced to live out a screen image that destroyed her (10). Dorothy Dandridge broke many barriers during her career. She opened the doors for black romance in films. She crossed over the racial lines with interracial relationships on and off screen. Later in Dandridges career she found it hard to get work. She filed for bankruptcy and later committed suicide. Dandridge made it possible for African-American women to be seen as beautiful and not exotic and sexual. In conclusion, many African-Americans actresses were blackballed by the industry. They were not able to achieve the success that they were entitled to because of the era that they were living in. These stars were oppressed because of the color of their skin and not because they did not possess talent. They were limited to roles that did not allow them to be the damsels or have leading roles. And if they were cast as the lead the film stereotyped the Blacks as shiftless, deceitful, or ignorant. These are just a few of the great African-American women in film that made it easier for African-American women to get into the industry. Though today African-American people are still seen shiftless, drug addicts, gang bangers, killers, whores, and criminals, but now they have more access to the industry because now African- Americans are able to write and direct films that depict them in a better light. Film today has changed for the past from mammies. Now African-American women are teachers, doctors, lawyers, business tycoons and what have you. Yet, they are still oppressed because they are only able to produce what the movie studios say that they can produce. Today there are films like Soul Food, Love and Basketball, Rosewood, Bamboozled, and many more that have messages and have African-American women in lead roles and not being in the background. These great stars allowed Black girls to see their own kind on a big screen and feel that they are beautiful too. Work Cited The African-American Almanac, 1997. Detroit: Gale Research, 1997. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Vol. 1016. Detroit: Gale Research, 1987. Ethel Waters. Online. 10 March 2005. Available: www. http://www. redhot jazz. com/waters. html. Honoring Black History Month. Pax Stars. Online. 10 March 2005. Available: www. http://www. pax. tv/bios/one-bio. cfm/hattie-mcdaniel. Nina Mae McKinney. South Carolina African American History Online. Online. 11 March 2005. Available: www. http://www.scafam-hist. org/aahc/. Pearl Bailey. Black History: Virginia Profiles. Online. 13 March 2005. Available:www. http://www. gatewayva. com/pages/bhistory/1996/bailey. shtml. Penney, Carol. Black Actors inamerican Cinema. Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. Online. 12 March 2000. Available: www. http://www. yale. edu/ynhti/cirriculm/units. Pioneer black actress Dorothy Dandridge has a famous cast of modern-day admirers. Online. 12 March 2005. Available: www. http://ohio. com/bj/fun/tv/0299/002827htm.